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- absorption
- In paper, the property which causes it to
take up liquids or vapors in contact with it. In optics, the
partial suppression of light through a transparent or translucent
material.
- accordion fold
- In binding, a term used for two or more
parallel folds which open like an accordion.
- additive
parameters
- In color reproduction, red, green and
blue. When lights of these colors are added together, they produce the
sensation of white light.
- against the grain
- Folding or feeding paper at right angles to the
grain direction of the paper.
- agate line
- A standard of measurement for depth of columns
or advertising space. Fourteen agate lines make one column inch.
- airbrush
- In artwork, a small pressure gun shaped
like a pencil that sprays watercolor pigment. Used to correct and obtain
tone or gradulated tone effects. In platemaking, used with an
abrasive-like pumice to remove spots or other unwanted areas. In CEPS,
a retouching technique.
- analog color
proof
- Off-press color proof made from separation
films.
- anti-halation
backing
- In photography, coating applied to back
of film to prevent halation.
-
anti-offset or set-off spray
- In printing, dry spray of finely powdered
starch used on press to prevent wet ink from transferring from the top of
one sheet to the bottom of the next sheet.
- antique finish
- A term describing the surface, usually on book
and cover papers, that has a natural rough finish.
- aperture
- In photography, lens opening or lens stop
expressed as an F/no, such as F/22.
- apochromatic
- In photography, color-corrected lenses
which focus the three colors, blue, green and red, in the same plane.
- art
- All illustration copy used in preparing a job
for printing.
- ascender
- That part of a lower case letter which rises
above the main body, as in "b".
- author's
alterations
- In composition, changes and additions in
the copy after it has been set in type. Often called "AAs".
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- backbone
- The back of a bound book connecting the two
covers; also called spine.
- backing up
- Printing the reverse side of a sheet already
printed on one side.
- back lining
- A paper or fabric adhering to the backbone or
spine in a hardcover book.
- bad break
- In composition, starting a page or ending
a paragraph with a single word, or 'widow'.
- basic size
- 25 x 38 for book papers, 20 x 26 for cover
papers, 22-1/2 x 28-1/2 or 22-1/2 x 35 for bristols, 25-1/2 x 30-1/2 for
index.
- basis weight
- The weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of
paper cut to a given standard size for that grade; e.g., 500 sheets 25 x
38 of 80-lb. coated book paper weight eighty pounds.
- bearers
- In presses, the flat surfaces or rings at
the ends of cylinders that come in contact with each other during printing
and serve as a basis for determing packing thickness.
- bimetal plate
- In lithography, a plate used for long
runs in which the printing image base is copper and the non-printing area
is aluminum, stainless steel, or chromium.
- bit
- In computers, the basic unit of digital
information; contraction of binary digit.
- bit map
- In typographic imaging, the electronic
representation of a page, indicating the position of every possible spot
(zero or one).
- black-and-white
- Originals or reproductions in single color, as
distinguished from multicolor.
- black printer
- In color reproduction, the black plate,
made to increase contrast of dark tones and make them neutral.
- blanket
- In offset printing, a rubber-surfaced
fabric which is clamped around a cylinder, to which the image is
transferred
- bleed
- An extra amount of printing image which extends
beyond the trim edge of the sheet or page.
- blind embossing
- A design which is stamped without metallic leaf
or ink, giving a bas-relief effect.
- blind image
- In lithography, an image that has lost
its ink receptivity and fails to print.
- blowup
- A photographic enlargement.
- blueprint/blueline
- In offset-lithography and photoengraving,
a photoprint made from stripped-up negatives or positives, used as a proof
to check position of image elements.
- body
- In inkmaking, a term referring to the
viscosity, or consistency, of an ink; e.g., an ink with too much body is
stiff.
- body type
- A type used for the main part or text of a
printed piece, as distinguished from the heading.
- bold-face type
- A name given to type that is heavier than the
text type with which it is used.
- bond paper
- A grade of writing or printing paper where
strength, durability, and permanence are essential requirements; used for
letterheads, business forms, etc. The basic size is 17 x 22.
- book paper
- A general term for coated and uncoated papers.
The basic size is 25 x 38.
- break for color
- In artwork and composition, to separate
the parts to be printed in different colors.
- brightness
- In photography, light reflected by the
copy. In paper, the reflectance or brillance of the paper.
- broadside
- Any large advertising circular.
- brochure
- A pamphlet bound in booklet form.
- bronzing
- Printing with a sizing ink, then applying bronze
powder while still wet to produce a metallic lustre.
- bulk
- The degree of thickness of paper. In book
printing, the number of pages per inch for a given basis weight.
- bump exposure
- In photography, an exposure in halftone
photography especially with contact screens in which the screen is removed
for a short time. It increases highlight contrast and drops out the dots
in the whites.
- burn
- In platemaking, a common term used for a
plate exposure.
- byte
- In computers, a unit of digital
information, equivalent to one character or eight bits.
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- CAD/CAM
- Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted
Makeup or Manufacturing
- calender rolls
- A set or stack of horizontal cast-iron rolls at
the end of a paper machine. The paper is passed between the rolls to
increase the smoothness and gloss of its surface.
- caliper
- The thickness of paper, usually expressed in
thousandths of an inch (mils).
- camera-ready
- Copy which is ready for photography.
- caps and small
caps
- Two sizes of capital letters made in one size of
type, commonly used in most Roman type faces.
- carbon tissue
- In platemaking, a pigmented gelatin
coating on a paper backing which, when sensitized and exposed, becomes the
resist for etching gravure plates or cylinders.
- case
- In bookbinding, the covers of a hardbound
book.
- cast coated
- Coated paper dried under pressure against a
polished cylinder to produce a high-gloss enamel finish.
- catching up
- In lithography, a term which indicates
that the non-image areas of a press plate are starting to take ink or
scum.
- CCD
- Charged Couple Device. An electronic scanning
device used in imaging systems.
- chalking
- In printing, a term which refers to
improper drying of ink. Pigment dusts off because the vehicle has been
absorbed too rapidly into the paper.
- chemical pulp
- In papermaking, treatment of groundwood
chips with chemicals to remove impurities such as lignin, resins and gums.
There are two types sulfite and sulfate.
- closed loop
system
- In printing, a completely automatic
control system.
- CMYK
- Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black - subtractive
primary colors.
- coated paper
- Paper having a surface coating which produces a
smooth finish. Surfaces vary from eggshell to glossy.
- coating
- In platemaking, the light-sensitive
polymer or mixture applied to a metal plate. In printing, an
emulsion, varnish or lacquer applied over a printed surface to protect it.
- cold color
- In printing, a color with a bluish cast.
- collate
- In binding, the gathering of sheets or
signatures.
- collotype
- A screenless printing process of the
planographic ink-water type in which the plates are coated with
bichromated gelatin, exposed to continuous-tone negatives, and printed on
lithographic presses with special dampening.
- color correction
- Any method such as masking, dot-etching,
re-etching, and scanning, used to improve color rendition.
- color filter
- A sheet of dyed glass, gelatin or plastic, or
dyed gelatin cemented between glassplates, used in photography to absorb
certain colors and transmit others. The filters used for color separation
are blue, green and red.
- colorimeter
- An instrument for measuring color the way the
eye sees color.
- color keys
- Off-press overlay color proofs using 3M color
key materials.
- color proofs
- See off-press proofs, progressive proofs.
- color separation
- In photography, the process of separating
color originals into the primary printing color components in negative or
positive form.
- commercial
register
- Color printing on which the misregister
allowable is within +/- one row of dots.
- computer, analog
- A computer that solves a mathematical problem by
using analogs, like density, of the variables in the problem.
- computer, digital
- A computer that processes information in
discrete digital form.
- condensed type
- A narrow or slender type face.
- contact print
- A photographic print made from a negative or
positive in contact with sensitized paper, film or printing plate.
- contact screen
- A photographically made halftone screen on film
having a dot structure of graded density, used in vacuum contact with the
photographic film to produce halftones.
- continuous tone
- Any image which contains gradient tones from
black to white, or from one color to another such as a photograph.
- contrast
- The tonal gradation between the highlights,
middle tones, and shadows in an original or reproduction.
- copy
- Any furnished material (typewritten manuscript,
pictures, artwork, etc.) to be used in the production of printing.
- copyfitting
- In composition, the calculation of how
much space a given acount of copy will take up in a given size and type
face. Also, the adjusting of the type size to make it fit in a given
amount of space.
- copy preparation
- In photomechanical processes, directions
for desired size and other details for illustrations, and the arrangement
into proper position of various parts of the page to be photographed for
reproduction. In typesetting, checking manuscript copy to ensure a
minimum of changes after type is set.
- cover paper
- A term applied to a variety of papers used for
the covers of catalogs, brochures, booklets, and similar pieces.
- Cromalin
- Off-press color proofs using DuPont Cromalin
materials.
- crop
- To eliminate portions of the copy, usually on a
photograph or plate, indicted on the original by "cropmarks".
- cross direction
- In paper the direction across the grain.
paper is weaker and more sensitive to changes in relative humidity in the
cross direction than the grain direction.
- crossmarks
- See register marks.
- CRT
- Cathode Ray Tube - a video display.
- curl
- In paper, the distortion of a sheet due
to differences in structure or coatings from one side to the other, or to
absorption of moisture on all offset press.
- cut-off
- In web printing, the cut or print length
corresponding to the circumference of the plate cylinder.
- cutscore
- In die-cutting, a sharp-edged knife,
usually several thousandths of an inch lower than the cutting rules in a
die, made to cut part way into the paper or board for folding purposes.
- cyan
- One of the subtractive primaries the hue of
which is used for one of the 4-color process inks. It reflects or
transmits blue and greet light and absorbs red light.
- cylinder gap
- In printing presses, the gap or space in
the cylinders of a press where the mechanism for plate (or blanket) clamps
and grippers (sheet-fed) is housed.
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- dampeners
- In lithography, cloth-covered, parchment
paper or rubber (bare back) rollers that distribute the dampening solution
to the press plate or ink roller.
- dampening system
- In lithography, the mechanism on a press
for transferring dampening solution to the plate during printing.
- dandy roll
- In papermaking, a wire cylinder on
papermaking machines that makes wove or laid effects on the texture, as
well as the watermark itself. Used in the manufacture of better grades of
business and book papers.
- DDES
- Digital Data Exchange Specifications.
- deckle
- In papermaking, the width of the wet
sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine.
- deckle edge
- The untrimmed feathery edges of paper formed
where the pulp flows against the deckle.
- densitometer
- In photography, a photoelectric
instrument which measures the density of photographic /images, or of
colors. In printing, a reflection densitomoter is used to measure
and control the density of color inks on the substrate.
- density
- The degree of darkness (light absorption or
opacity) of a photographic image.
- descender
- That part of a lower case letter which extends
below the main body, as in "p".
- desensitizer
- In lithographic platemaking, making
non-image areas of a plate non-receptive to ink through chemical treament
of the metal. Its main ingredient is usually a gum. In photography,
an agent for decreasing color sensitivity of photographic emulsion to
facilitate development under comparatively bright light.
- desktop
publishing
- An all-inclusive term for the use of computers
to automatically perform the functions of hyphenation, justification and
page formatting.
- developer
- In photography, the chemical agent and
process used to render photographic /images visible after exposure to
light. In lighographic platemaking, the material used to remove the
unexposed coating.
- diazo
- In photography, a non-silver coating for
contact printing. In offset platemaking, a light-sensitive coating
used on presensitized and wipe-on plates.
- die-cutting
- The process of using sharp steel rules to cut
special shapes for labels, boxes and containers, from printed sheets.
Die-cutting can be done on either flat-bed or rotary presses. Rotary
die-cutting is usually done inline with the printing.
- die-stamping
- An intaglio process for the production of
letterheads, business cards, etc. printing from lettering or other designs
engraved into copper or steel.
- diffusion
transfer
- In photography and platemaking, a system,
like Polaroid, consisting of a photogrpahic emulsion on which a negative
is produced, and a receiver sheet on which a positive of the image is
transferred during processing.
- digital color
proof
- An off-press color proof produced from digital
data without the need for separation films.
- digitized
typesetting
- In typographic imaging, the creation of
typographic characters and symbols by the arrangement of black and white
spots called pixels or pels.
- dimensional
stability
- Ability to maintain size; resistance of paper or
film to dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative
humidity.
- direct
screen halftone
- In color separation, a halftone negative
made by direct esposure from the original on an enlarger or by contact
through a halftone screen.
- display type
- in composition, type set larger than the
text, used to attract attention.
- doctor blade
- In gravure, a knife-edge blade pressed
against the engraved printing cylinder which wipes away the excess ink
from the non-printing areas.
- dot
- The individual element of a halftone
- dot etching
- In photography, chemically reducing
halftone dots to vary the amount of color to be printed. Dot etching on
negatives increases color; dot etching on positives reduces color.
- dot gain
- In printing, a defect in which dots print
larger than they should, causing darker tones or stronger colors.
- draw-down
- In inkmaking a term used to describe ink
chemist's method of roughly determining color shade. A small glob of ink
is placed on paper and drawn down with the edge of a putty knife spatula
to get a thin film of ink.
- drier
- In inkmaking, a substance added to hasten
drying.
- drop-out
- Portions of originals that do not reproduce,
especially colored lines or background areas (often on purpose).
- dry-up
- See catching up.
- dummy
- A preliminary layout showing the position of
illustrations and text as they are to appear in the final reproduction. A
set of blank pages made up in advance to show the size, shape, form and
general style of a piece of printing.
- duotone
- In photomechanics, a term for a two-color
halftone reproduction from a one-color photograph.
- duplex paper
- Paper with a different color or finish on each
side.
- duplicating film
- A film for making positives from positives, and
negatives from negatives. In color reproduction, a special film
used for making duplicates of color transparencies.
- dye transfer
- In photography, a process of producing
color prints by tanning photographic emulsions and using them to transfer
dye solutions to film or paper coated with gelatin.
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-
electronic dot generation (EDG)
- A method of producing halftones electronically
on scanners and prepress systems.
- electronic
printing
- Any technology that reproduces pages without the
use of traditional ink, water or chemistry. Most often electrostatic or
electrophotographic in nature.
-
electrophotography
- Image transfer systems used in copiers to
produce /images using electrostatic forces.
- electrostatic
plates
- Plates for high speed laser printing using zinc
oxide or organic photoconductors.
- electrotype
- Duplicate relief plate used for magazine and
rotary letterpress printing.
- elliptical dot
- In halftone photography, elongated dots
which give improved gradation of tones particularly in middle tones and
vignettes - also called chain dots.
- em
- In composition, a unit of measurement
exactly as wide and high as the point size being set. So named because the
letter "M" in early fonts was usually cast on a square body.
- embossed finish
- Paper with a raised or depressed surface
resembling wood, cloth, leather or other pattern.
- embossing
- Impressing an image in relief to achieve a
raised surface; either overprinting or on blank paper (called blind
embossing).
- emulsion side
- In photography, the side of the film
coated with the silver halide emulsion which should face the lens during
exposure.
- en
- In composition, one-half the width of an
em.
- enamel
- A term applied to a coated paper or to a coating
material on a paper.
- English finish
- A grade of book paper with a smoother, more
uniform surface than machine finish.
- etch
- In photoengraving, to produce an image on
a plate by chemical or electrolytic action. In offset-lithography,
an acidified gum solution used to desensitize the non-printing areas of
the plate; also, an acid solution added to the fountain water to help keep
non-printing areas of the plate free from ink.
- exposure
- The step in photographic processes during which
light produces the image on the light-sensitive coating.
- expanded type
- A type whose width is greater than normal.
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- Fadeometer
- An instrument used to measure the fading
properties of inks and other pigmented coatings.
- fake color
- In color reproduction, producing a color
illustration by using one image as a key and making the other separations
from it manually.
- fanout
- In printing, distortion of paper on the
press due to waviness in the paper caused by absorption of moisture at the
edges of the paper, particularly across the grain.
- fax
- The process of scanning /images to convert them
into electric signals which are transmitted to produce a recorded likeness
of the original.
- feeder
- In printing presses, the section that
separates the sheets and feeds them in position for printing.
- felt side
- The smoother side of the paper for printing. The
top side of the sheet in paper manufacturing.
- filling
in (or filling up)
- In letterpress or offset-lithography, a
condition where ink fills the area between the halftone dots or plug up
(fills in) the type.
- fixing
- Chemical action following development to remove
unexposed silver halide, to make the image stable and insensitive to
further exposure.
- flash exposue
- In halftone photography, the
supplementary exposure given to strengthen the dots in the shadow areas of
negatives.
- flat
- In offset-lithography, the assembled
composite of negatives on goldenrod paper or positives on film, ready for
platemaking. Also, a photograph or halftone that is lacking in contrast.
- flat etching
- The chemical reduction of the silver deposit in
a continuous-tone or halftone plate, brought about by placing it in a tray
containing an etching solution.
- flush left
(or right)
- In composition, type set to line up at
the left (or right).
- flush paragraph
- A paragraph with no indention.
- flying paster
- In web printing, an automatic pasting
device that splices a new roll of paper onto an expiring roll, without
stopping the press.
- focal length
- In photography, the distance from the
center of the lens to the image of an object at infinity. At same size,
the distance from copy to image is four times the focal length of the
lens.
- fog
- In photography, silver density in the
non-image areas.
- folio
- The page number
- font
- In composition, a complete assortment of
letters, number, punctuation marks, etc. of a given size and design.
- form
- In offset, the assembly of pages and
other /images for printing. In letterpress, type and other matter
locked in a chase for printing.
- form rollers
- The rollers, either inking or dampening, which
directly contact the plate on a printing press.
- format
- The size, style, type page, margins, printing
requirements, etc. of a printed piece.
- fountain solution
- In lithography, a solution of water, a
natural or synthetic gum and other chemicals used to dampen the plate and
keep non-printing areas from accepting ink.
- free sheet
- Paper free of mechanical wood pulp.
- 'f' stops
- In photography, fixed stops for setting
lens apertures.
- front end system
- In electronic publishing, the workstation
or group of workstations containing the applications software for
preparing pages of type and graphics.
- fuzz
- Fibers projecting from the surface of a sheet of
paper.
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- galley proof
- A proof of text copy before being made into
pages.
- gamma
- A measure of contrast in photographic /images.
- gathering
- In binding, the assembling of folded
signatures in proper sequence.
- GCR
- Gray Component Replacement
- gear streaks
- In printing, parallel streaks appearing
across the printed sheet at same interval as gear teeth on the cylinder.
- generation
- Each succeeding stage in reproduction from the
original copy.
- goldenrod paper
- In offset-lithography, a specially-coated
masking paper of yellow or orange color used by strippers to assemble and
position negatives for exposure on plates.
- grain
- In papermaking, the direction in which
most fibers lie which corresponds with the direction the paper is made on
a paper machine.
- grammage
- A term in the Metric System for expressing the
basis weight of paper. It is the weight in grams of a square meter of the
paper expressed in g/m2.
- gray scale
- A strip of standard gray tones, ranging from
white to black, placed at the side of original copy during photography to
measure tonal range and contrast (gamma) obtained.
- gripper edge
- The leading edge of paper as it passes through a
printing press. Also, the front edge of a lithographic or wrap-around
plate that is secured to front clamp of plate cylinder.
- gripper margin
- Unprintable blank edge of paper on which
grippers bear, usually 1/2 inch or less.
- grippers
- In sheetfed printing presses, metal
fingers that clamp on paper and control its flow as it passes through.
- groundwood pulp
- A mechanically-prepared wood pulp used in the
manufacture of newsprint and publication papers.
- gum arabic
- In offset-lithography, used in
platemaking and on press to desensitize the non-printing areas of plates.
- gumming
- In platemaking, the process of applying a
thin coating of gum to the non-printing areas of a lithographic plate.
gutter
The blank space or inner margin from printing area
to binding.
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- hairline register
- Register within +/- 1/2 row of dots.
- halation
- In photography, a blurred effect,
resembling a halo, usually occurring in highlight areas or around bright
objects.
- halftone
- The reproduction of continuous-tone artwork,
such as a photograph, through a contact screen, which converts the image
into dots of various sizes.
- halftone gravure
- Production of gravure cylinders using halftone
prints.
- hard copy
- The permanent visual record of the output of a
computer or printer. Also, the material sent to a typesetter in typed
form, for conversion into typeset material.
- hard proof
- A proof on paper or other substrate as
distinguished from a soft proof which is an image on a VDT screen.
- hardware
- Computer and peripherals as distinguished from
software which is a program for operating hardware.
- hard dot
- See soft dot.
- head margin
- The white space above first line on a page.
- He/Ne
- Helium-Neon red laser.
- hickeys
- In offset-lithography, spots or
imperfections in the printing due to such things as dirt on the press,
dried ink skin, paper particles, etc.
- high contrast
- In photography, a reproduction with high
gamma in which the difference in darkness (density) between neighboring
areas is greater than in the original.
- highlight
- The lightest or whitest parts in a photograph
represented in a halftone reproduction by the smallest dots or the absence
of dots.
- holdout
- In printing, a property of coated paper
with low ink absorption which allows ink to set on the surface with high
gloss. Papers with too much holdout cause problems with set-off.
- hot type
- Cast metal type.
- hue
- In color, the main attribute of a color
which distinguishes it from other colors.
- hydrophilic
- Water-loving; preferred to be wet by water.
- hydrophobic
- Water-hating; water repellent.
- hypo
- An abbreviation for sodium thiosulfate, or
sodium hyposulfite, a chemical used to fix the image on a photographic
film after it has been developed.
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- image assembly
- See stripping.
- /imagesetter
- In typographic imaging, a device that
outputs type, line art and photos. A typesetter essentially outputs type.
- imposition
- The arranging of pages on a plate to ensure the
correct order after the printed sheet is folded and trimmed.
- impression
- In printing, the pressure of type, plate
or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper.
- impression
cylinder
- In printing, the cylinder on a printing
press against which the paper picks up the impression from the inked plate
in direct printing, or the blanket in offset printing.
- ink fountain
- In printing presses , the device which
stores and supplies ink to the inking rollers.
- ink mist
- Flying filaments or threads formed by long inks
like newspaper ink.
- inkometer
- An instrument for measuring the tack of printing
inks.
- insert
- A printed piece prepared for insertion into a
publication or another printed piece.
- italic
- The style of letters that slant, in distinction
from upright, or roman, letters. Used for emphasis within the text.
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- jog
- To align sheets of paper into a compact pile.
- justify
- In composition, to space out lines
uniformly to the correct length.
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- KB
- Kilobyte - 1,000 bytes.
- kerning
- In typesetting, subtracting the space
between two characters, to be closer together.
- key
- To code copy to a dummy by means of symbols,
usually letters. Insertions are sometimes 'keyed' in like manner.
- keyboard
- In phototypesetting, the input device to
input information directly into a computer.
- keyline
- In artwork, an outline drawing of
finished art to indicate the exact shape, position, and size for such
elements as halftones, line sketches, etc.
- kiss impression
- In printing, a very light impression,
just enough to produce an image on the paper.
- kraft
- A paper or board containing unbleached wood pulp
(brown in color) made by the sulfate process.
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- lacquer
- A clear resin/solvent coating, usually glossy,
applied to a printed sheet for protection or appearance.
- laid paper
- Paper with a pattern of parallel lines at equal
distances, giving a ribbed effect.
- lamination
- A plastic film bonded by heat and pressure to a
printed sheet for protection or appearance.
- laser
- The acronym for light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation. The laser is an intense light beam
with very narrow band width that can produce /images by electronic
impulses. It makes possible imaging by remote control from computers or
facsimile transmission.
- laser platemaking
- The use of lasers for scanning pasteups and/or
exposing plates in the same or remote locations.
- layout
- The drawing or sketch of a proposed printed
piece. In platemaking, a sheet indicating the settings for a
step-and-repeat machine.
- leaders
- In composition, rows of dashes or dots to
guide the eye across the page. Used in tabular work, programs, tables of
contents, etc.
- leading
- (pronounced ledding) In composition, the
distance between lines of type measured in points.
- ledger paper
- A grade of business paper generally used for
keeping records where it is subjected to appreciable wear so it requires a
high degree of durability and permanence.
- letterset
(dry offset)
- The printing process which uses a blanket (like
conventional offset) for transferring the image from plate to paper.
Unlike lithography, it uses a relief plate and requires no dampening
system.
- letterspacing
- The placing of additional space between each
letter of a word.
- line copy
- Any copy suitable for reproduction without using
a halftone screen.
- local area
network (LAN)
- In electronic publishing, the linking of
workstations, storage units (file servers), printout devices (print
servers) via broadband cable for high-speed simultaneous communication.
- lockup
- In letterpress, to position a form in a
chase for printing.
- logotype (or
logo)
- The name of a company or product in a special
design used as a trademark in advertising.
- long ink
- An ink that has good flow on ink rollers of a
press. If the ink is too long, it breaks up into filaments on the press,
and causes "flying" as on a newspaper press.
- lower case
- The small letters in type, as distinguished from
the capital letters.
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- M
- Abbreviation for a quantity of 1000 sheets of
paper.
- MB
- Megabyte - 1,000,000 bytes.
- machine coated
- Paper which is coated one or two sides on a
paper machine.
- machine direction
- Same as grain direction in paper.
- magenta
- One of the subtractive primaries the hue of
which is used for one of the 4-color process inks. It reflects or
transmits blue and red light and absorbs green light.
- magenta screen
- A dyed contact screen, used for making
halftones.
- makeover
- In platemaking, a plate which is remade.
- makeready
- In printing, all work done in setting up
a press for printing, i.e. adjusting the feeder, grippers, side guide,
putting ink in the fountain, etc. Also, in letterpress, the
building up of the press form, so that the heavy and light areas print
with the correct impression.
- makeup
- In composition, the arrangement of lines
of type and illustrations into sections or pages of proper length.
- mask
- In color separation photography, an
intermediate photographic negative or positive used in color correction.
In offset-lithography, opaque material used to protect open or
selected areas of a printing plate during exposure.
- master
- In film assembly, a flat containing an
image that will be burnt on more than one plate using knock-outs.
- mat
- See matrix.
- matrix
- A mold in which type is cast in linecasting
machines. In stereotyping, the paper mold or mat made from a type
form.
- matte finish
- Dull paper finish without gloss or luster.
- matte print
- A photoprint having a dull finish.
- measure
- In composition, the width of type,
usually expressed in picas.
- mechanical
- A term for a camera-ready pasteup of artwork. It
includes type, photos, line art, etc., all on one piece of artboard.
- mechanical pulp
- In papermaking, groundwood pulp produced
by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for
newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade publication
papers.
- menu
- In electronic publishing, a method for
selecting alternative functions displayed as a list on a workstation
screen. Selection via mouse, key or sequence of keys.
- metric system
- A decimal system for solid, liquid and distance
measurements.
- middle tones
- The The tonal range between highlights and
shadows of a photograph or reproduction.
- modem
- (MOdulator/DEModulator) A device that converts
computer data into high-frequency signals or vice versa, for transmission
over phone lines.
- moiré
- In color process printing, the
undesirable screen pattern caused by incorrect screen angles of
overprinting halftones.
- molleton
- In offset-lithography, a thick cotton
fabric similar to flannel used on the dampening rollers of a press.
- montage
- In artwork, several photographs pasted on
one artboard in a pleasing manner. They can be placed on angles,
overlapped, cut to various shapes, etc.
- mottle
- The spotty or uneven appearance of printing,
mostly in solid areas.
- mullen tester
- A machine for testing the bursting strength of
paper.
- Mylar
- In offset preparation, a polyester film
made by DuPont specially suited for stripping positives because of its
mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Also used as a
reinforcement for index tabs and as a label protection coating.
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- negative
- In photography, film containing an image
in which the values of the original are reversed so that the dark areas
appear light and vice versa. (See positive.)
- negative
letterspacing
- In typography, the subtraction of space
between characters individually or en masse (See kerning.)
- newsprint
- Paper made mostly from groundwood pulp and small
amounts of chemical pulp; used for printing newspapers.
- no-screen
exposure
- See bump exposure.
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- oblong
- A booklet or catalog bound on the shorter
dimension.
- off-press proofs
- Proofs made by photomechanical or digital means
in less time and at lower cost than press proofs.
- offset
- See set-off. In printing, the process of
using an intermediate blanket cylinder to transfer an image from the plate
to the paper. Short for offset lithography.
- offset gravure
- Printing gravure by the offset principle.
Generally done on a flexographic press by converting the anilox roller to
a gravure image cylinder and covering the plate cylinder with a solid
rubber plate.
- opacity
- That property of paper which minimizes the
'show-through' of printing from the back side or the next sheet.
- opaque
- In photoengraving and offset-lithography,
to paint out areas on a negative not wanted on the plate. In paper,
the property which makes it less transparent.
- opaque ink
- An ink that conceals all color beneath it.
- orthochromatic
- Photographic surfaces insensitive to red but
sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, green, ad yellow rays.
- overhang cover
- A cover larger in size than the pages it
encloses.
- overlay
- In artwork, a transparent covering over
the copy where color break, instructions or corrections are marked. Also,
transparent or translucent prints which, when placed one on the other,
form a composite picture.
- overlay proof
- An off-press color proof produced with four dyed
or pigmented overlay films.
- overprinting
- Double printing; printing over an area that
already has been printed.
- overrun
- In printing, copies printed in excess of
the specified quantity.
- overset
- In composition, type set in excess of
space needs.
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- packing
- In printing presses, paper used to
underlay the image or impression cylinder in letterpress, or the plate or
blanket in lithography, to get proper squeeze or pressure for printing.
- page
description language
- In typographic imaging a method for
communicating page, font and graphic information from the workstation to
the printout device.
- page makeup
- In stripping, assembly of all elements to
make up a page. In computerized typesetting and CEPS, the
electronic assembly of page elements to compose a complete page with all
elements in place on a video display terminal and on film or plage.
- pagination
- In computerized typesetting, the process
of performing page makeup automatically.
- panchromatic
- Photographic film sensitive to all visible
colors.
- paper master
- A paper printing plate used on an offset
duplicator. The image is made by hand drawing, typewriter or
electrophotography.
- paste drier
- In inkmaking, a type of drier, usually a
combination of drying compounds.
- pasteup
- See mechanical
- perfecting press
- A printing press that prints both sides of the
paper in one pass.
- pH
- A number used for expressing the acidity or
alkalinity of solutions. A value of 7 is neutral in a scale ranging from 0
to 14. Solutions with values below 7 are acid, above 7 are alkaline.
- photoconductor
- Materials used in electrophotography which are
light sensitive when charged by corona.
- photomechanical
- Pertaining to any platemaking process using
photographic negatives or positives exposed onto plates or cylinders
covered with photosensitive coatings.
- photopolymer
coating
- In photomechanics, a plate coating
consisting of compounds which polymerize on exposure to produce tough
abrasion-resistant plates capable of long runs especially when baked in an
oven after processing.
- phototypesetting
- The method of setting type photographically.
- pica
- Printer's unit of measurement used principally
in typesetting. One pica equals approximately 1/6 of an inch.
- picking
- The lifting of the paper surface during
printing.
- pigment
- In printing inks, the fine solid
particles used to give color, transparency or opacity.
- piling
- In printing, the building up or caking of
ink on rollers, plate or blanket; will not transfer readily. Also, the
accumulation of paper dust or coating on the blanket of offset press.
- pin register
- The use of accurately positioned holes and
special pins on copy, film, plates and presses to insure proper register
or fit of colors.
- pixel
- In electronic imaging, a basic usit of
digital imaging. Can contain text or gray scale information for
photographs or just represent the presence or absence of a spot (zero or
one).
- plate cylinder
- The cylinder of a press on which the plate is
mounted.
- point
- Printer's unit of measurement, used principally
for designating type sizes. There are 12 points to a pica; approximately
72 points to an inch.
- poor trapping
- In printing, the condition in wet
printing in letterpress and lithography when less ink transfers to
previously printed ink than to unprinted paper. Also called
undertrapping.
- porosity
- The property of paper that allows the permeation
of air, an important factor in ink penetration.
- position proof
- Color proof for checking position, layout and/or
color breakout image elements.
- positive
- In photography, film containing an image
in which the dark and light values are the same as the original. The
reverse of negative.
- pre-press proofs
- See off-press proofs.
- presensitized
plate
- In photomechanics, a metal or paper plate
that has been precoated with a light-sensitive coating.
- press proofs
- In color reproduction, a proof of a color
subject made on a printing press, in advance of the production run.
-
pressure-sensitive paper
- Material with an adhesive coating, protected by
a backing sheet until used, which will stick without moistening.
- primary colors
- See additive primaries, subtractive
primaries.
- print quality
- A term describing the visual impression of a
printed piece. In paper, the properties of the paper that affect
its appearance and the quality of reproduction.
- process colors
- In printing, the subtractive primaries:
yellow, magenta and cyan, plus black in four-color process printing.
- process lens
- A highly corrected photographic lens for graphic
arts line, halftone, and color photography.
- process printing
- The printing from a series of two or more
halftone plates to produce intermediate colors and shades.
- program
- In computers, sequence of instructions
for a computer. Same as software.
-
progressive proofs (progs)
- Proofs made from the separate plates in color
process work, showing the sequence of printing and the result after each
additional color has been applied.
- psychrometer
- A wet-and-dry bulb type of hygrometer.
Considered the most accurate of the instruments practical for industrial
plant use for determining relative humidity.
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- ragged left
- In typesetting, type that is justified on
the right margin and ragged on the left.
- ragged right
- In typesetting, type that is justified on
the left margin and ragged on the right.
- raster
image processor (RIP)
- In typographic imaging, the computerized
process that results in an electronic bit map which indicates every spot
position on a page in preparation for an actual printout.
- ream
- Five hundred sheets of paper.
- reducers
- In printing inks, varnishes, solvents,
oily or greasy compounds used to reduce the consistency of ink for
printing. In photography, chemicals used to reduce the density of
negative or positive /images or the size of halftone dots (dot etching).
- reflection copy
- In photography, illustrative copy that is
viewed and must be photographed by light reflected from its surface.
Examples are photographs, drawings, etc.
- register
- In printing, fitting of two or more
printing /images in exact alignment with each other.
- register marks
- Crosses or other targets applied to original
copy prior to photography. Used for positioning negatives in register, or
for register of two or more colors in process printing.
- relative
humidity (RH)
- The amount of water vapor present in the
atmosphere expressed as a percentage of the maximum that could be present
at the same temperature.
- reprography
- Copying and duplicating.
- resist
- In photomechanics, a light-hardened
stencil to prevent etching of non-printing areas on plates.
- resolution
- In typographic imaging, the
quantification of printout quality using the number of spots per inch.
- respi screen
- A contact screen with 110-line screen ruling in
the hightlights and 220-line in the middle tones and shadows to produce a
longer scale and smoother gradation of tones in the light areas of the
copy.
- RGB
- Red, Green, Blue - additive primary colors.
- right-angle fold
- In binding, a term used for two or more
folds that are at 90 degree angles to each other.
- roller stripping
- In lithography, a term denoting that the
ink does not adhere to the metal ink rollers on a press.
- rub-proof
- In printing, and ink that has reached
maximum dryness and does not mar with normal abrasion.
- run-around
- In composition, the term describing type
set to fit around a picture or other element of the design.
- runnability
- Paper properties that affect the ability of the
paper to run on the press.
- running head
- A headline or title repeated at the top of each
page.
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- saddle wire
- In binding, to fasten a booklet by wiring
it through the middle fold of the sheets.
- safelight
- In photography, the special darkroom lamp
used for illumination without fogging sensitized materials.
- scaling
- Determining the proper size of an image to be
reduced or enlarged to fit an area.
- Scan-a-web
- In web printing, a rotating mirror
arrangement where speed can be varied to match speed of press so image on
paper can be examined during printing.
- scanner
- An electronic device used in the making of color
and tone-corrected separations of /images.
- score
- To impress or indent a mark with a string or
rule in the paper to make folding easier.
- screen
- See contact screen.
- screen angles
- In color reproduction, angles at which
the halftone screens are placed with relation to one another, to avoid
undesirable moiré patterns. A set of angles often used are: black 45°,
magenta 75°, yellow 90°, cyan 105°.
- screened print
- In photography, a print with a halftone
screen made from a halftone negative or by diffusion transfer.
- screen ruling
- The number of lines or dots per inch on a
halftone screen.
- scum
- In offset-lithography, a film of ink
printing in the non-image areas of a plate where it should not print.
- self cover
- A cover of the same paper as inside text pages.
- semi-chemical
pulp
- A combination of chemical and mechanical pulping
with properties similar to chemical pulp.
- serif
- The short cross-lines at the ends of the main
strokes of many letters in some type faces.
- set-off
- In presswork, when the ink of a printed
sheet rubs off or marks the next sheet as it is being delivered. Also
called offset.
- shadow
- The darkest parts in a photograph, represented
in a halftone by the largest dots.
- sharpen
- To decrease in color strength, as when halftone
dots become smaller; opposite of 'dot spread' or 'dot gain'.
- sheetwise
- To print one side of a sheet of paper with one
plate, then turn the sheet over and print the other side with another
plate using same gripper and side guide.
- short ink
- An ink that is buttery and does not flow freely.
- show-through
- In printing, the undesirable condition in
which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can be seen through the
sheet under normal lighting conditions.
- side guide
- On sheet-fed presses, a guide on the feed
board to position the sheet sideways as it feeds into the front guides
before entering the impression cylinder.
- side wire
- In binding, to wire the sheets or
signatures of a magazine or booklet on the side near the backbone.
- signature
- In printing and binding, the name given
to a printed sheet after it has been folded.
- silhouette
halftone
- A halftone with all of the background removed.
- sizing
- The treatment of paper which gives it resistance
to the penetration of liquids (particularly water) or vapors.
- skid
- A platform support for a pile of cut sheets of
paper.
- slitting
- Cutting printed sheets or webs into two or more
sections by means of cutting wheels on a press or folder.
- small caps
- An alphabet of *SMALL CAPITAL LETTERS* available
in most Roman type faces approximately the size of the lower case letters.
Used in combination with larger capital letters.
- soft dot
- In photography, a dot is called 'soft'
when the halation or fringe around the dot is excessive. Conversely, when
the fringe is so slight as to be barely noticeable and the dot is very
sharp, it is called 'hard'.
- soft ink
- Descriptive of consistency of lithographic inks.
- soft proof
- See hard proof.
- software
- See program.
- spectrum
- The complete range of colors in the rainbow,
from short wavelengths (blue) to long wavelengths (red).
- SPC
- Statistical Process Control.
- spine
- See backbone.
- spiral binding
- A book bound with wires in spiral form inserted
through holes punched along the binding side.
- staging
- See stopping out.
- static
neutralizer
- In printing presses, an attachment
designed to remove the static electricity from the paper to avoid ink
set-off and trouble with feeding the paper.
- step-and-repeat
- In photomechanics, the procedure of
multiple exposure using the same image by stepping it in position
according to a predetermined layout.
- stereotype
- duplicate relief plate used for newspaper
printing.
- stet
- A proofreader's mark, written in the margin,
signifying that copy marked for corrections should remain as it was.
- stock
- Paper or other material to be printed.
- stone
- In lithography, formerly used as the
plate material. In letterpress, the bed on which metal type is
leveled and locked up.
- stopping out
- In photomechanics, application of opaque
to photographic negatives; application of special lacquer to protect areas
on films in dot etching; staging of halftone plates during relief etching.
-
strike-on-composition
- Type set by a direct-impression method, or on
typewriter composing machines. Also known as cold type.
- strike-through
- See show-through.
- stripping
- In offset-lithography, the positioning of
negatives (or positives) on a flat to compose a page or layout for
platemaking.
- substance
- The weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of
paper cut to the standard size (17" x 22") for business papers (bond,
ledger, mimeograph, and duplicator): e.g., 20 pounds. Similar to basis
weight of other grades of paper.
- subtractive
primaries
- Yellow, magenta and cyan, the hues used for
process color printing inks.
- sulphate pulp
- Paper pulp made from wood chips cooked under
pressure in a solution of caustic soda and sodium sulphide. Known as kraft.
- sulphite pulp
- Paper pulp made from wood chips cooked under
pressure in a solution of bisulphite of lime.
- supercalender
- In papermaking, a calender stack,
separate from the papermaking machine, with alternate metal and resilient
rolls, used to produce a high finish on paper.
- surprint
(double burn)
- In photomechanics, exposure from a second
negative or flat superimposed on an exposed image of a previous negative
or flat.
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- TAC
- Total Area Coverage - related to GCR, UCA and
UCR.
- tack
- In printing inks, the property of
cohesion between particles; the separation force of ink needed for
trapping on multi-color presses. A tacky ink has high separation forces
and can cause surface picking or splitting of weak papers.
- Tackoscope
- See Inkometer.
- text
- The body matter of a page or book, as
distinguished from the headings.
-
thermo-mechanical pulp
- In papermaking, made by steaming wood
chips prior to and during refining, producing a higher yield and stronger
pulp than regular groundwood.
- tints
- Various even tone areas (strengths) of a solid
color.
- tissue overlay
- A thin, translucent paper placed over artwork
(mostly mechanicals) for protection; used to indicate color break and
corrections.
- toner
- Imaging material used in electrophotography and
some off-press proofing systems. In inks, dye used to tone printing
inks, especially black.
- toning
- See scum.
- tooth
- A characteristic of paper, a slightly rough
finish, which permits it to take ink readily.
- transparent ink
- A printing ink which does not conceal the color
beneath. Process inks are transparent so that they will blend to form
other colors.
- transpose
- To exchange the position of a letter, word, or
line with another letter, word, or line.
- trapping
- The ability to print a wet ink film over
previously printed ink. Dry trapping is printing wet ink over dry
ink. Wet trapping is printing wet ink over previously printed wet
ink.
- trim marks
- In printing, marks placed on the copy to
indicate the edge of the page.
- twin-wire machine
- In papermaking, a paper milling machine
with two wires instead of one for producing paper with less two-sidedness.
-
two-sheet
detector (double sheet eliminator)
- In printing presses, a device for
stopping or tripping the press when more than one sheet attempts to feed
into the grippers.
- two-sidedness
- In paper, the property denoting
difference in appearance and printability between its top (felt) and wire
sides.
- type gauge
- In composition, a printer's tool
calibrated in picas and points used for type measurement.
- type high
- 0.918 inch; the standard in letterpress.
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- UCA
- Undercolor addition.
- undercolor
removal (UCR)
- In process multicolor printing, color
separation films are reduced in color in neutral areas where all three
colors overprint and the black film is increased an equivalent amount in
these areas. This improves trapping and reduces ink costs.
- undercut
- In printing presses, the difference
between the radius of the cylinder bearers and the cylinder body, to allow
for plate (or blanket) and packing thickness.
- unit
- In multicolor presses, refers to the
combination of inking, plate and impression operations to print each
color. A 4-color press has 4 printing units each with its own inking,
plate and impression functions.
- -up
- In printing, two-up, three-up, etc.
refers to imposition of material to be printed on a larger size sheet to
take advantage of full press capacity.
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- vacuum frame
- In platemaking, a vacuum device for
holding copy and reproduction material in contact during exposure.
- varnish
- A thin, protective coating applied to a printed
sheet for protection or appearance. Also, in inkmaking, it can be
all or part of the ink vehicle.
- vehicle
- In printing inks, the fluid component
which acts as a carrier for the pigment.
- vellum finish
- In papermaking, a toothy finish which is
relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
velox (contact
print)
A photographic paper print made from a screen
negative.
-
video
display terminal (VDT) (Monitor & Keyboard)
- In phototypesetting, a cathode ray tube
(CRT) device with keyboard to display copy, make corrections, combine copy
elements and perform other typesetting and imaging functions.
- vignette
- An illustration in which the background fades
gradually away until it blends into the unprinted paper.
- viscosity
- In printing inks, a broad term
encompassing the properties of tack and flow.
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- walk-off
- In lithography, deterioration of part of
image area on the plate during printing.
- warm color
- In printing, a color with a yellowish or
reddish cast.
- washup
- The process of cleaning the rollers, form or
plate, and sometimes the ink fountain of a printing press.
- web
- A roll of paper in web or rotary printing.
- web press
- A press which prints on rolls (or webs) of
paper.
- web tension
- The amount of pull or tension applied in the
direction of travel of a web of paper by the action of a web press.
- widow
- In composition, a single word in a line
by itself, ending a paragraph; frowned upon in good typography.
- wire-o binding
- A continuous double series of wire loops run
through punched slots along the binding side of a booklet.
- wire side
- In papermaking, the side of a sheet next
to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from felt or top side.
- with the grain
- Folding or feeding paper into a press parallel
to the grain of the paper.
- woodcut
- An illustration in lines of varying thickness,
cut in relief on plank-grain wood, for the purpose of making prints.
- word processor
- A typewriter connected to a computerized
recording medium to input, edit, and output data.
- work
and tumble/work and flop
- To print one side of a sheet of paper, then turn
the sheet over from gripper to back using the same side guide and plate to
print the second side.
- work and turn
- To print one side of a sheet of paper, then turn
the sheet over from left to right and print the second side. The same
gripper and plate are used for printing both sides.
- WORM
- Write Once Read Many Times - a type of optical
memory device.
- wove paper
- paper having a uniform unlined surface and a
soft smooth finish.
- wraparound plate
- In rotary letterpress, a thin one-piece
relief plate which is wrapped around the press cylinder like an offset
plate. Can be used for direct or indirect (offset) printing.
- wrinkles
- Creases in paper occurring during printing.
In inks, the uneven surface formed during drying.
- wrong font
- In proofreading, the mark "WF" indicates
a letter or figure of the wrong size or face.
- wysiwyg
- In electronic publishing, an acronym for
What You See Is What You Get which means that the typographic page viewed
on the screen of a workstation essentially represents what the printer
will output.
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- xerography
- An electrophotographic copying process that uses
a selenium surface, electrostatic forces and toner to form an image.
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- yellow
- One of the subtractive primaries the hue of
which is used for one of the 4-color process inks. It reflects red and
green light and absorbs blue light.
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